PS 2

This AASB Practice Statement 2 Making Materiality Judgements (Practice Statement) provides reporting entities with non‑mandatory guidance on making materiality judgements when preparing general purpose financial statements in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards.

AusCF paragraphs and footnotes included in this Practice Statement apply only to:

(a)        not-for-profit entities; and

(b)        for-profit entities that are not applying the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting.

Such entities are referred to as ‘AusCF entities’.  For AusCF entities, the term ‘reporting entity’ is defined in AASB 1057 Application of Australian Accounting Standards and Statement of Accounting Concepts SAC 1 Definition of the Reporting Entity also applies.  For-profit entities applying the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting (as set out in paragraph Aus1.1 of the Conceptual Framework) shall not apply AusCF paragraphs or footnotes.

The guidance may also help other parties involved in financial reporting to understand how an entity makes materiality judgements when preparing such financial statements.

The Practice Statement is applicable when preparing financial statements in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards. It is applicable for all reporting entities including those in the not-for-profit private and public sectors.

The Practice Statement provides non‑mandatory guidance; therefore, its application is not required to state compliance with Australian Accounting Standards or IFRS Standards.

The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting as identified in AASB 1048 Interpretation of Standards (the Conceptual Framework) provides the following definition of material information (paragraph 7 of AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements provides a similar definition^[1]):

Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial reports make on the basis of those reports, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity. In other words, materiality is an entity‑specific aspect of relevance based on the nature or magnitude, or both, of the items to which the information relates in the context of an individual entity’s financial report.^[2]  

Notwithstanding paragraph 5, in respect of AusCF entities, the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements as identified in AASB 1048 Interpretation of Standards (the Framework) provides the following definition of material information (paragraph 7 of AASB 101 Presentation of Financial Statements provides a similar definition^[1]):

Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial reports make on the basis of those reports, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity. In other words, materiality is an entity-specific aspect of relevance based on the nature or magnitude, or both, of the items to which the information relates in the context of an individual entity’s financial report.^[AusCF2] 

When making materiality judgements, an entity needs to take into account how information could reasonably be expected to influence the primary users of its financial statements—its primary users—when they make decisions^[3] on the basis of those statements (see paragraphs 13–23).^[4]

The objective of financial statements is to provide financial information about a reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity.^{[5], [AusCF5]} The entity identifies the information necessary to meet that objective by making appropriate materiality judgements.       

The need for materiality judgements is pervasive in the preparation of financial statements. An entity makes materiality judgements when making decisions about recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure. Requirements in Australian Accounting Standards only need to be applied if their effect is material to the complete set of financial statements,^[6] which includes the primary financial statements^[7] and the notes. However, it is inappropriate for the entity to make, or leave uncorrected, immaterial departures from Australian Accounting Standards to achieve a particular presentation of its financial position, financial performance or cash flows.^[8]   

Australian Accounting Standards set out reporting requirements that the Australian Accounting Standards Board (Board) has concluded will lead to financial statements that provide information about the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to the primary users of those statements. The entity is only required to apply recognition and measurement requirements when the effect of applying them is material.

An entity need not provide a disclosure specified by an Australian Accounting Standard if the information resulting from that disclosure is not material. This is the case even if the Standard contains a list of specific disclosure requirements or describes them as ‘minimum requirements’. Conversely, the entity must consider whether to provide information not specified by Australian Accounting Standards if that information is necessary for primary users to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows.^[9]

When assessing whether information is material to the financial statements, an entity applies judgement to decide whether the information could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that primary users make on the basis of those financial statements. When applying such judgement, the entity considers both its specific circumstances and how the information provided in the financial statements responds to the information needs of primary users.

Because an entity’s circumstances change over time, materiality judgements are reassessed at each reporting date in the light of those changed circumstances.

When making materiality judgements, an entity needs to consider the impact information could reasonably be expected to have on the primary users of its financial statements. Those primary users are existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors—those users who cannot require entities to provide information directly to them and must rely on general purpose financial statements for much of the financial information they need.^{[10], [AusCF10]} In addition to those primary users, other parties, such as the entity’s management, regulators and members of the public, may be interested in financial information about the entity and may find the financial statements useful. However, the financial statements are not primarily directed at these other parties.^{[11],[AusCF11]}

The primary users of not-for-profit entity financial statements are existing and potential resource providers (such as investors, lenders and other creditors, donors and taxpayers), recipients of goods and services (such as beneficiaries, for example members of the community) and parties performing a review or oversight function on behalf of other users (such as advisors and members of parliament).^[12] Not-for-profit entities should read all references in this Practice Statement to ‘existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors’ as a reference to this broader range of users.      

Because primary users include potential investors, lenders and other creditors, it would be inappropriate for an entity to narrow the information provided in its financial statements by focusing only on the information needs of existing investors, lenders and other creditors.

When making materiality judgements, an entity also considers that primary users are expected to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and to review and analyse the information included in the financial statements diligently.^{[13]  [AusCF13]}    

An entity needs to consider what type of decisions its primary users make on the basis of the financial statements and, consequently, what information they need to make those decisions.

The primary users of an entity’s financial statements make decisions about providing resources to the entity. Those decisions involve: buying, selling or holding equity and debt instruments, providing or settling loans and other forms of credit, and exercising rights while holding investments (such as the right to vote on or otherwise influence management’s actions that affect the use of the entity’s economic resources).^{[14], [AusCF14], [15], [AusCF15]} Such decisions depend on the returns that primary users expect from an investment in those instruments.     

The expectations existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors have about returns, in turn, depend on their assessment of the amount, timing and uncertainty of the future net cash inflows to an entity, together with their assessment of management’s stewardship of the entity’s resources. ^{[16], [AusCF16], [17], [AusCF17]}    

In respect of not-for-profit entities, primary users are generally not concerned with obtaining a financial return on an investment in the entity. Rather, they are concerned with the ability of the entity to achieve its objectives (whether financial or non-financial), which in turn may depend, at least in part, on the entity’s prospects for future net cash inflows. Primary users will, for example, be interested in the capability of the entity’s resources to provide goods and services in the future (service potential). Such primary users may make resource allocation decisions in relation to not-for-profit entities in addition to, or that differ from, those related to for-profit entities. For example, parliaments decide, on behalf of constituents, whether to fund particular programmes for delivery by an entity, taxpayers decide who should represent them in government, donors decide whether to donate resources to an entity, and recipients decide whether they can continue to rely on the provision of goods and services from the entity or whether to seek alternative suppliers.^[18]

Consequently, an entity’s primary users need information about:

(a) the resources of the entity (assets), claims against the entity (liabilities and equity) and changes in those resources and claims (income and expenses); and

(b) how efficiently and effectively the entity’s management and governing board have discharged their responsibility to use the entity’s resources.^{[19], [AusCF19]}

Financial information can make a difference in decisions if it has predictive value, confirmatory value or both.^{[20], [AusCF20]} When making materiality judgements, an entity needs to assess whether information could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions, rather than assessing whether that information alone could reasonably be expected to change their decisions.    

The objective of financial statements is to provide primary users with financial information that is useful to them in making decisions about providing resources to an entity. However, general purpose financial statements do not, and cannot, provide all the information that primary users need.^{[21], [AusCF21]} Therefore, the entity aims to meet the common information needs of its primary users. It does not aim to address specialised information needs—information needs that are unique to particular users.

To meet the common information needs of its primary users, an entity first separately identifies the information needs that are shared by users within one of the three categories of primary users defined in the Conceptual Framework—for example investors (existing and potential)—then repeats the assessment for the two remaining categories—namely lenders (existing and potential) and other creditors (existing and potential). The total of the information needs identified is the set of common information needs the entity aims to meet.

Notwithstanding paragraph 22, in respect of AusCF entities, to meet the common information needs of its primary users, an entity first separately identifies the information needs that are shared by users within one of the three categories of primary users defined in the Framework—for example investors (existing and potential)—then repeats the assessment for the two remaining categories—namely lenders (existing and potential) and other creditors (existing and potential). The total of the information needs identified is the set of common information needs the entity aims to meet.

In respect of not-for-profit entities, the identification of common information needs of primary users also involves an entity assessing the information needs that are shared by users within the other categories of primary users identified in paragraph Aus13.1.

In other words, the assessment of common information needs does not require identifying information needs shared across all existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors. Some of the identified information needs will be common to all categories, but others may be specific to only one or two of those categories. If an entity were to focus only on those information needs that are common to all categories of primary users, it might exclude information that meets the needs of only one category.

The primary users of financial statements generally consider information from sources other than just the financial statements. For example, they might also consider other sections of the annual report, information about the industry an entity operates in, its competitors and the state of the economy, the entity’s press releases as well as other documents the entity has published.

However, the financial statements are required to be a comprehensive document that provides information about the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to primary users in making decisions about providing resources to the entity. Consequently, the entity assesses whether information is material to the financial statements, regardless of whether such information is also publicly available from another source.

Moreover, public availability of information does not relieve an entity of the obligation to provide material information in its financial statements.

An entity’s financial statements must comply with the requirements in Australian Accounting Standards, including requirements related to materiality (materiality requirements), for the entity to state its compliance with those Standards. Hence, an entity that wishes to state compliance with Australian Accounting Standards cannot provide less information than the information required by the Standards, even if local laws and regulations permit otherwise.

Nevertheless, local laws and regulations may specify requirements that affect what information is provided in the financial statements. In such circumstances, providing information to meet local legal or regulatory requirements is permitted by Australian Accounting Standards, even if that information is not material according to the materiality requirements in the Standards. However, such information must not obscure information that is material according to Australian Accounting Standards.^[22]

An entity may find it helpful to follow a systematic process in making materiality judgements when preparing its financial statements. The four-step process described in the following paragraphs is an example of such a process. This description provides an overview of the role materiality plays in the preparation of financial statements, with a focus on the factors the entity should consider when making materiality judgements. In this Practice Statement, this four-step process is called the ‘materiality process’.

The materiality process describes how an entity could assess whether information is material for the purposes of presentation and disclosure, as well as for recognition and measurement. The process illustrates one possible way to make materiality judgements, but it incorporates the materiality requirements an entity must apply to state compliance with Australian Accounting Standards. The materiality process considers potential omission and potential misstatement of information, as well as unnecessary inclusion of immaterial information and whether immaterial information obscures material information. In all cases, the entity needs to focus on how the information could reasonably be expected to influence decisions of the primary users of its financial statements.

Judgement is involved in assessing materiality when preparing financial statements. The materiality process is designed as a practice guide to help an entity apply judgement in an efficient and effective way.

The materiality process is not intended to describe the assessment of materiality for local legal and regulatory purposes. An entity refers to its local requirements to assess whether it is compliant with local laws and regulations.

The steps identified as a possible approach to the assessment of materiality in the preparation of the financial statements are, in summary:

(a)                Step 1—identify. Identify information that has the potential to be material.

(b)                Step 2—assess. Assess whether the information identified in Step 1 is, in fact, material.

(c)                Step 3—organise. Organise the information within the draft financial statements in a way that communicates the information clearly and concisely to primary users.

(d)                Step 4—review. Review the draft financial statements to determine whether all material information has been identified and materiality considered from a wide perspective and in aggregate, on the basis of the complete set of financial statements.

When preparing its financial statements, an entity may rely on materiality assessments from prior periods, provided that it reconsiders them in the light of any change in circumstances and of any new or updated information.

An entity identifies information about its transactions, other events and conditions that primary users might need to understand to make decisions about providing resources to the entity.

In identifying this information, an entity considers, as a starting point, the requirements of the Australian Accounting Standards applicable to its transactions, other events and conditions. This is the starting point because, when developing a Standard, the Board identifies the information it expects will meet the needs of a broad range of primary users for a wide variety of entities in a range of circumstances.^{[23], [AusCF23]}

When the Board develops a Standard, it also considers the balance between the benefits of providing information and the costs of complying with the requirements in that Standard. However, the cost of applying the requirements in the Standards is not a factor for an entity to consider when making materiality judgements—the entity should not consider the cost of complying with requirements in Australian Accounting Standards, unless there is explicit permission in the Standards.

An entity also considers its primary users’ common information needs (as explained in paragraphs 21–23) to identify any information—in addition to that specified in Australian Accounting Standards—necessary to enable primary users to understand the impact of the entity’s transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows (see paragraph 10). Existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need information about the resources of the entity (assets), claims against the entity (liabilities and equity) and changes in those resources and claims (income and expenses), and information that will help them assess how efficiently and effectively the entity’s management and governing board have discharged their responsibility to use the entity’s resources. ^{[24], [AusCF24]}

In respect of not-for-profit entities, primary users need information about the service potential of existing resources, as noted in paragraph Aus18.1. For example, a significant impairment in the service potential of an entity’s assets could result in the entity needing either to obtain additional resources in order to maintain the level or scope of its activities in providing goods or services or to reduce its activities. Donors to the entity might seek explanation of the significant impairment in considering whether to continue to provide resources to the entity or to withdraw their support.

The output of Step 1 is a set of potentially material information.

An entity assesses whether the potentially material information identified in Step 1 is, in fact, material. In making this assessment, the entity needs to consider whether its primary users could reasonably be expected to be influenced by the information when making decisions about providing resources to the entity on the basis of the financial statements. The entity performs this assessment in the context of the financial statements as a whole.

An entity might conclude that an item of information is material for various reasons. Those reasons include the item’s nature or magnitude, or a combination of both, judged in relation to the particular circumstances of the entity.^[25] Therefore, making materiality judgements involves both quantitative and qualitative considerations. It would not be appropriate for the entity to rely on purely numerical guidelines or to apply a uniform quantitative threshold for materiality (see paragraphs 53–55).   

The following paragraphs describe some common ‘materiality factors’ that an entity should use to help identify when an item of information is material. These factors are organised into the following categories:

(a) quantitative; and

(b) qualitative—either entity-specific or external.

The output of Step 2 is a preliminary set of material information. For presentation and disclosure, this involves decisions about what information an entity needs to provide in its financial statements, and in how much detail^[26] (including identifying appropriate levels of aggregation an entity provides in the financial statements). For recognition and measurement, the output of Step 2 involves the identification of information that, if not recognised or otherwise misstated, could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions.

An entity ordinarily assesses whether information is quantitatively material by considering the size of the impact of the transaction, other event or condition against measures of the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows. The entity makes this assessment by considering not only the size of the impact it recognises in its primary financial statements but also any unrecognised items that could ultimately affect primary users’ overall perception of the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows (eg contingent liabilities or contingent assets). The entity needs to assess whether the impact is of such a size that information about the transaction, other event or condition could reasonably be expected to influence its primary users’ decisions about providing resources to the entity.

Identifying the measures against which an entity makes this quantitative assessment is a matter of judgement. That judgement depends on which measures are of great interest to the primary users of the entity’s financial statements. Examples include measures of the entity’s revenues, the entity’s profitability, financial position ratios and cash flow measures.

Not-for-profit entities are primarily concerned with the achievement of objectives other than the generation of profit, such as service delivery. Accordingly, it may not be appropriate to assess materiality by reference to profitability. In these cases, it is more appropriate to consider materiality in absolute and relative terms.

In absolute terms, consideration is given by not-for-profit entities to the financial report as a whole. In particular, consideration is given to factors that may indicate deviations from normal activities, such as the reversal of a trend, turning a profit into a loss, or creating or eliminating the margin of solvency in the statement of financial position. For example, where the entity’s financial position has deteriorated, and the entity has revalued its assets upwards, information regarding the revaluation of those assets would be likely to be material.

In relative terms, items are compared by not-for-profit entities to any directly related items. For example, the amount of interest revenue would be compared with the amount of the relevant loans. Such a comparison may indicate that information about the interest is material because the amount is lower (or higher) than expected, having regard to the loan balance and the applicable interest rates. This could indicate changes in the proportion of loans being made to different categories of borrowers in comparison with previous periods.

For the purposes of this Practice Statement, qualitative factors are characteristics of an entity’s transactions, other events or conditions, or of their context, that, if present, make information more likely to influence the decisions of the primary users of the entity’s financial statements. The mere presence of a qualitative factor will not necessarily make the information material, but is likely to increase primary users’ interest in that information.

In making materiality judgements, an entity considers both entity-specific and external qualitative factors. These factors are described separately in the following paragraphs. However, in practice, the entity may need to consider them together.

An entity-specific qualitative factor is a characteristic of the entity’s transaction, other event or condition. Examples of such factors include, but are not limited to:

(a) involvement of a related party of the entity;

(b) uncommon, or non-standard, features of a transaction or other event or condition; or

(c) unexpected variation or unexpected changes in trends. In some circumstances, the entity might consider a quantitatively immaterial amount as material because of the unexpected variation compared to the prior-period amount provided in its financial statements.

The relevance of information to the primary users of an entity’s financial statements can also be affected by the context in which the entity operates. An external qualitative factor is a characteristic of the context in which the entity’s transaction, other event or condition occur that, if present, makes information more likely to influence the primary users’ decisions. Characteristics of the entity’s context that might represent external qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, the entity’s geographical location, its industry sector, or the state of the economy or economies in which the entity operates.

Due to the nature of external qualitative factors, entities operating in the same context might share a number of external qualitative factors. Moreover, external qualitative factors could remain constant over time or could vary.

In some circumstances, if an entity is not exposed to a risk to which other entities in its industry are exposed, that fact could reasonably be expected to influence its primary users’ decisions; that is, information about the lack of exposure to that particular risk could be material information.

An entity could identify an item of information as material on the basis of one or more materiality factors. In general, the more factors that apply to a particular item, or the more significant those factors are, the more likely it is that the item is material.

Although there is no hierarchy among materiality factors, assessing an item of information from a quantitative perspective first could be an efficient approach to assessing materiality. If an entity identifies an item of information as material solely on the basis of the size of the impact of the transaction, other event or condition, the entity does not need to assess that item of information further against other materiality factors. In these circumstances, a quantitative threshold—a specified level, rate or amount of one of the measures used in assessing size—can be a helpful tool in making a materiality judgement. However, a quantitative assessment alone is not always sufficient to conclude that an item of information is not material. The entity should further assess the presence of qualitative factors.

The presence of a qualitative factor lowers the thresholds for the quantitative assessment. The more significant the qualitative factors, the lower those quantitative thresholds will be. However, in some cases an entity might decide that, despite the presence of qualitative factors, an item of information is not material because its effect on the financial statements is so small that it could not reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions.

In some other circumstances, an item of information could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions regardless of its size—a quantitative threshold could even reduce to zero. This might happen when information about a transaction, other event or condition is highly scrutinised by the primary users of an entity’s financial statements. Moreover, a quantitative assessment is not always possible: non-numeric information might only be assessed from a qualitative perspective.

Appendix A to this Practice Statement provides guidance on assessing the materiality of key management personnel related party transactions of not-for-profit sector entities.

Classifying, characterising and presenting information clearly and concisely makes it understandable.^{[27], [AusCF27]} An entity exercises judgement when deciding how to communicate information clearly and concisely. For example, the entity is more likely to clearly and concisely communicate the material information identified in Step 2 by organising it to:

(a) emphasise  material matters;

(b) tailor information to the entity’s own circumstances;

(c) describe the entity’s transactions, other events and conditions as simply and directly as possible without omitting material information and without unnecessarily increasing the length of the financial statements;

(d) highlight relationships between different pieces of information;

(e) provide information in a format that is appropriate for its type, eg tabular or narrative;

(f) provide information in a way that maximises, to the extent possible, comparability among entities and across reporting periods;

(g) avoid or minimise duplication of information in different parts of the financial statements; and

(h) ensure material information is not obscured by immaterial information.

Financial statements are less understandable for primary users if information is organised in an unclear manner. Similarly, financial statements are less understandable if an entity aggregates material items that have different natures or functions, or if material information is obscured,^[28] for example, by an excessive amount of immaterial information.

Furthermore, an entity considers the different roles of primary financial statements and notes in deciding whether to present an item of information separately in the primary financial statements, to aggregate it with other information or to disclose the information in the notes.

The output of Step 3 is the draft financial statements.

An entity needs to assess whether information is material both individually and in combination with other information^[29] in the context of its financial statements as a whole. Even if information is judged not to be material on its own, it might be material when considered in combination with other information in the complete set of financial statements.   

When reviewing its draft financial statements, an entity draws on its knowledge and experience of its transactions, other events and conditions to identify whether all material information has been provided in the financial statements, and with appropriate prominence.

This review gives an entity the opportunity to ‘step back’ and consider the information provided from a wider perspective and in aggregate. This enables the entity to consider the overall picture of its financial position, financial performance and cash flows. In performing this review, the entity also considers whether:

(a) all relevant relationships between different items of information have been identified. Identifying new relationships between information might lead to that information being identified as material for the first time.

(b) items of information that are individually immaterial, when considered together, could nevertheless reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions.

(c) the information in the financial statements is communicated in an effective and understandable way, and organised to avoid obscuring material information.

(d) the financial statements provide a fair presentation of the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows.^{[30], [AusCF30]}   

The review may lead to:

(a) additional information being provided in the financial statements;

(b) greater disaggregation of information that had already been identified as material;

(c) information that had already been identified as immaterial being removed from the financial statements to avoid obscuring material information; or

(d) information being reorganised within the financial statements.

The review in Step 4 may also lead an entity to question the assessment performed in Step 2 and decide to re-perform that assessment. As a result of re-performing its assessment in Step 2, the entity might conclude that information previously identified as material is, in fact, immaterial, and remove it from the financial statements.

The output of Step 4 is the final financial statements.

An entity makes materiality judgements on the complete set of financial statements, including prior-period^[31] information provided in the financial statements.

Australian Accounting Standards require an entity to present information in respect of the preceding period for all amounts reported in the current-period financial statements.^[32] Furthermore, the Standards require the entity to provide prior-period information for narrative and descriptive information if it is relevant to understanding the current-period financial statements.^[33] Finally, the Standards require the entity to present, as a minimum, two statements of financial position, two statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, two statements of profit or loss (if presented separately), two statements of cash flows, two statements of changes in equity, and related notes.^[34] These requirements are the minimum comparative information identified by the Standards.^[35]

Assessing whether prior-period information is material to the current-period financial statements might lead an entity to:

(a) provide more prior-period information than was provided in the prior-period financial statements (see paragraph 70); or

(b) provide less prior-period information than was provided in the prior-period financial statements (see paragraph 71).

An entity also needs to consider any local laws or regulations, in respect of the prior-period information to be provided in financial statements, when making decisions on what prior-period information to provide in the current-period financial statements. Those local laws or regulations might require the entity to provide in the financial statements prior-period information in addition to the minimum comparative information required by the Standards. The Standards permit the inclusion of such additional information, but require that it is prepared in accordance with the Standards^[36] and does not obscure material information.^[37] However, an entity that wishes to state compliance with Australian Accounting Standards cannot provide less information than required by the Standards, even if local laws and regulations permit otherwise.      

An entity must provide prior-period information needed to understand the current-period financial statements,^[38] regardless of whether that information was provided in the prior-period financial statements—this requirement is not conditional on whether the prior-period information was provided in the prior-period financial statements. Consequently, the inclusion of prior-period information not previously included would be required if this is necessary for the primary users to understand the current-period financial statements.

Except to the extent required to comply with any local laws or regulations affecting the preparation of financial statements or their audit, an entity does not automatically reproduce in the current-period financial statements all the information provided in the prior-period financial statements. Instead, the entity may summarise prior-period information, retaining the information necessary for primary users to understand the current-period financial statements.

Errors are omissions from and/or misstatements in an entity’s financial statements arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that is available, or could reasonably be expected to be obtained.^[39] Material errors are errors that individually or collectively could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that primary users make on the basis of those financial statements. Errors may affect narrative descriptions disclosed in the notes as well as amounts reported in the primary financial statements or in the notes.   

An entity must correct all material errors, as well as any immaterial errors made intentionally to achieve a particular presentation of its financial position, financial performance or cash flows, to ensure compliance with Australian Accounting Standards.^[40] The entity should refer to AASB 108 for guidance on how to correct an error.

Immaterial errors, if not made intentionally to achieve a particular presentation, do not need to be corrected to ensure compliance with Australian Accounting Standards. However, correcting all errors (including those that are not material) in the preparation of the financial statements lowers the risk that immaterial errors will accumulate over reporting periods and become material.

An entity assesses whether an error is material by applying the same considerations as outlined in the description of the materiality process. Making materiality judgements about errors involves both quantitative and qualitative considerations. The entity identifies information that, if misstated or omitted, could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions (as described in Step 1 and Step 2 of the materiality process). The entity also considers whether any identified errors are material on a collective basis (as described in Step 4 of the materiality process).

If an error is judged not to be material on its own, it might be regarded as material when considered in combination with other information. However, in general, if an error is individually assessed as material to an entity’s financial statements, the existence of other errors that affect the entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows in the opposite way does not make the error immaterial, nor does it eliminate the need to correct the error.

An entity may, over a number of reporting periods, accumulate errors that were immaterial, both in individual prior periods and cumulatively over all prior periods. Uncorrected errors that have accumulated over more than one period are sometimes called ‘cumulative errors’.

Materiality judgements about cumulative errors in prior-period financial statements that an entity made at the time those statements were authorised for issue need not be revisited in subsequent periods unless the entity failed to use, or misused, information that:

(a) was available when financial statements for those periods were authorised for issue; and

(b) could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation of those financial statements.^[41]

To assess whether a cumulative error has become material to the current-period financial statements, an entity considers whether, in the current period:

(a) the entity’s circumstances have changed, leading to a different materiality assessment for the current period; or

(b) further accumulation of a current-period error onto the cumulative error has occurred.

An entity must correct cumulative errors if they have become material to the current-period financial statements.

An entity assesses the materiality of information about the existence and terms of a loan agreement clause (covenant), or of a covenant breach, to decide whether to provide information related to the covenant in the financial statements. This assessment is made in the same way as for other information, that is, by considering whether that information could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that its primary users make on the basis of the entity’s financial statements (see ‘A four-step materiality process’, from paragraph 33).

In particular, when a covenant exists, an entity considers both:

(a) the consequences of a breach occurring, that is, the impact a covenant breach would have on the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows. If those consequences would affect the entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows in a way that could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions, then the information about the existence of the covenant and its terms is likely to be material. Conversely, if the consequences of a covenant breach would not affect the entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows in such a way, then disclosures about the covenant might not be needed.

(b) the likelihood of a covenant breach occurring. The more likely it is that a covenant breach would occur, the more likely it is that information about the existence and terms of the covenant would be material.

In assessing whether information about a covenant is material, a combination of the considerations in paragraph 82(a)–82(b) applies. Information about a covenant for which the consequences of a breach would affect an entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows in a way that could reasonably be expected to influence primary users’ decisions, but for which there is only a remote likelihood of the breach occurring, is not material.

For not-for-profit entities, information about the existence and terms of a grant agreement is assessed similarly to the approach to loan agreement covenants. An entity assesses the materiality of information about the consequences of a breach of a grant agreement occurring, that is, the impact a breach would have on the entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows, as well as the likelihood of a breach occurring.

An entity makes materiality judgements in preparing both annual financial statements and interim financial reports prepared in accordance with AASB 134 Interim Financial Reporting. In either case, the entity could apply the materiality process described in paragraphs 29–65. For its interim financial report, the entity considers the same materiality factors as in its annual assessment. However, it takes into consideration that the time period and the purpose of an interim financial report differ from those of the annual financial statements.

In making materiality judgements on its interim financial report, an entity focuses on the period covered by that report, that is:

(a) it assesses whether information in the interim financial report is material in relation to the interim period financial data, not annual data.^[42]

(b) it applies the materiality factors on the basis of both the current interim period data and also, whenever there is more than one interim period (eg in the case of quarterly reporting), the data for the current financial year to date.^[43]

(c) it may consider whether to provide in the interim financial report information that is expected to be material to the annual financial statements. However, information that is expected to be material to the annual financial statements need not be provided in the interim financial report if it is not material to the interim financial report.

Similarly, an entity may consider whether to provide information in the annual financial statements that is only material to the interim financial report. However, if information is material to the interim financial report, it need not be presented or disclosed subsequently in the annual financial statements if it is not material to those statements.

In assessing materiality, an entity also considers the purpose of interim financial reports, which differs from the purpose of annual financial statements. An interim financial report is intended to provide an update on the latest complete set of annual financial statements.^[44] Information that is material to the interim period, but was already provided in the latest annual financial statements, does not need to be reproduced in the interim financial report, unless something new occurs or an update is needed.^[45]

When an entity concludes that information about estimation uncertainty is material, the entity needs to disclose that information. Measurements included in interim financial reports often rely more on estimates than measurements included in the annual financial statements.^[46] That fact does not, in itself, make the estimated measurements material. Nevertheless, relying on estimates for interim financial data to a greater extent than for annual financial data might result in more disclosures about such uncertainties being material, and thus being provided in the interim financial report, compared with the annual financial statements.

This Practice Statement does not change any requirements in Australian Accounting Standards or introduce any new requirements. An entity that chooses to apply the guidance in the Practice Statement is permitted to apply it to financial statements prepared from 1 January 2018.

This appendix addresses assessment of the materiality of transactions with key management personnel related parties for disclosure in general purpose financial statements in accordance with AASB 124 Related Party Disclosures.

The following factors are relevant to assessing the materiality of key management personnel related party transactions of not-for-profit public sector entities:

(a) the potential effect of the relationship on the financial statements – not the materiality of the transaction to the key management personnel; and

(b) whether the transaction occurred as part of a public service provider relationship with a taxpayer on terms no different to that of a transaction with the general public (such as the collection of taxes or the use of public facilities) or as part of an ordinary operational transaction (such as the purchase of property, plant and equipment or the hiring of employees) on normal commercial terms and conditions. Both these types of transactions are not presumed to be material by nature of the transaction alone (that is, qualitatively material because the transaction is with a related party). However, such transactions could be qualitatively material where the key management personnel can exert undue influence over the outcomes or quantitatively material where the effect on the financial statements could influence the economic decisions that primary users make on the basis of the financial statements.

AASB 124 (paragraph 27) notes that in establishing the level of significance of a transaction in relation to government-related entities, other relevant factors to consider include whether the transaction is:

(a) significant in terms of size;

(b) outside normal day-to-day business operations, such as the purchase and sale of businesses;

(c) disclosed to regulatory or supervisory authorities;

(d) reported to senior management; or

(e) subject to shareholder approval (in this context, ministerial approval).

The key assessment is whether knowledge of the relationship and the terms and conditions could influence a user’s understanding of the impact on the financial statements. Where the impact on the financial statements is not material, the transaction is not required to be disclosed. For example, the materiality assessment applied to a transaction with a key management personnel related party that has been through an entity’s procurement processes which require several independent quotes to be obtained is unlikely to differ to that which would apply to the same transaction undertaken with an unrelated party, where the key management personnel has no influence over the transaction. Similarly, an entity may determine that disclosure of the employment of key management personnel close family members, where recruited in the same manner and subject to the same terms and conditions as those offered to other public service employees performing similar roles, to be material only where disclosure of the employment of employees who are unrelated to the entity, made under the same conditions, is material.

Paragraph 1.2

Referred to in paragraphs 7 and 17 of the Practice Statement

The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions relating to providing resources to the entity. Those decisions involve decisions about:

(a)            buying, selling or holding equity and debt instruments;

(b)            providing or settling loans and other forms of credit; or

(c)            exercising rights to vote on, or otherwise influence, management’s actions that affect the use of the entity’s economic resources.

Paragraph 1.3

Referred to in paragraph 18 of the Practice Statement

The decisions described in paragraph 1.2 depend on the returns that existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors expect, for example, dividends, principal and interest payments or market price increases. Investors’, lenders’ and other creditors’ expectations about returns depend on their assessment of the amount, timing and uncertainty of (the prospects for) future net cash inflows to the entity and on their assessment of management’s stewardship of the entity’s economic resources. Existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need information to help them make those assessments.

Paragraph 1.4

Referred to in paragraphs 19 and 38 of the Practice Statement

To make the assessments described in paragraph 1.3, existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need information about:

(a)            the economic resources of the entity, claims against the entity and changes in those resources and claims (see paragraphs 1.12–1.21); and

(b)            how efficiently and effectively the entity’s management and governing board have discharged their responsibilities to use the entity’s economic resources (see paragraphs 1.22–1.23).

Paragraph 1.5

Referred to in paragraph 13 of the Practice Statement

Many existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors cannot require reporting entities to provide information directly to them and must rely on general purpose financial reports for much of the financial information they need. Consequently, they are the primary users to whom general purpose financial reports are directed.

Paragraph 1.6

Referred to in paragraph 21 of the Practice Statement

However, general purpose financial reports do not and cannot provide all of the information that existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need. Those users need to consider pertinent information from other sources, for example, general economic conditions and expectations, political events and political climate, and industry and company outlooks.

Paragraph 1.8

Referred to in paragraph 36 of the Practice Statement

Individual primary users have different, and possibly conflicting, information needs and desires. The Board, in developing Standards, will seek to provide the information set that will meet the needs of the maximum number of primary users. However, focusing on common information needs does not prevent the reporting entity from including additional information that is most useful to a particular subset of primary users.

Paragraph 1.9

Referred to in paragraph 13 of the Practice Statement

The management of a reporting entity is also interested in financial information about the entity. However, management need not rely on general purpose financial reports because it is able to obtain the financial information it needs internally.

Paragraph 1.10

Referred to in paragraph 13 of the Practice Statement

Other parties, such as regulators and members of the public other than investors, lenders and other creditors, may also find general purpose financial reports useful. However, those reports are not primarily directed to these other groups.

Paragraph 2.7

Referred to in paragraph 20 of the Practice Statement

Financial information is capable of making a difference in decisions if it has predictive value, confirmatory value or both.

Paragraph 2.11

Referred to in paragraph 5 of the Practice Statement

Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial reports make on the basis of those reports, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity. In other words, materiality is an entity-specific aspect of relevance based on the nature or magnitude, or both, of the items to which the information relates in the context of an individual entity’s financial report. Consequently, the Board cannot specify a uniform quantitative threshold for materiality or predetermine what could be material in a particular situation.

Paragraph 2.34

Referred to in paragraph 56 of the Practice Statement

Classifying, characterising and presenting information clearly and concisely makes it understandable.

Paragraph 2.36

Referred to in paragraph 15 of the Practice Statement

Financial reports are prepared for users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and who review and analyse the information diligently. At times, even well-informed and diligent users may need to seek the aid of an adviser to understand information about complex economic phenomena.

Paragraph 7

Referred to in paragraphs 5, 41 and 60 of the Practice Statement

Material  Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those financial statements, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity.

Materiality depends on the nature or magnitude of information, or both. An entity assesses whether information, either individually or in combination with other information, is material in the context of its financial statements taken as a whole.

Paragraph 7

Referred to in paragraph 6 of the Practice Statement

Assessing whether information could reasonably be expected to influence decisions made by the primary users of a specific reporting entity’s general purpose financial statements requires an entity to consider the characteristics of those users while also considering the entity’s own circumstances. […] At times, even well-informed and diligent users may need to seek the aid of an adviser to understand information about complex economic phenomena.

Paragraph 15

Referred to in paragraph 62 of the Practice Statement

Financial statements shall present fairly the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. Fair presentation requires the faithful representation of the effects of transactions, other events and conditions in accordance with the definitions and recognition criteria for assets, liabilities, income and expenses set out in the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. The application of Australian Accounting Standards, with additional disclosure when necessary, is presumed to result in financial statements that achieve a fair presentation.

Paragraph 17

Referred to in paragraph 10 of the Practice Statement

In virtually all circumstances, an entity achieves a fair presentation by compliance with applicable Australian Accounting Standards. A fair presentation also requires an entity:

(a) to select and apply accounting policies in accordance with AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. AASB 108 sets out a hierarchy of authoritative guidance that management considers in the absence of an Australian Accounting Standard that specifically applies to an item.

(b) to present information, including accounting policies, in a manner that provides relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable information.

(c) to provide additional disclosures when compliance with the specific requirements in Australian Accounting Standards is insufficient to enable users to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s financial position and financial performance.

Paragraph 29

Referred to in paragraph 43 of the Practice Statement

An entity shall present separately each material class of similar items. An entity shall present separately items of a dissimilar nature or function unless they are immaterial.

Paragraph 30A

Referred to in paragraphs 28, 57 and 69 of the Practice Statement

When applying this and other Australian Accounting Standards an entity shall decide, taking into consideration all relevant facts and circumstances, how it aggregates information in the financial statements, which include the notes. An entity shall not reduce the understandability of its financial statements by obscuring material information with immaterial information or by aggregating material items that have different natures or functions.

Paragraph 31

Referred to in paragraph 10 of the Practice Statement

Some Australian Accounting Standards specify information that is required to be included in the financial statements, which include the notes. An entity need not provide a specific disclosure required by an Australian Accounting Standard if the information resulting from that disclosure is not material. This is the case even if the Australian Accounting Standard contains a list of specific requirements or describes them as minimum requirements. An entity shall also consider whether to provide additional disclosures when compliance with the specific requirements in Australian Accounting Standards is insufficient to enable users of financial statements to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s financial position and financial performance.

Paragraph 38

Referred to in paragraphs 67 and 70 of the Practice Statement

Except when Australian Accounting Standards permit or require otherwise, an entity shall present comparative information in respect of the preceding period for all amounts reported in the current period’s financial statements. An entity shall include comparative information for narrative and descriptive information if it is relevant to understanding the current period’s financial statements.

Paragraph 38A

Referred to in paragraph 67 of the Practice Statement

An entity shall present, as a minimum, two statements of financial position, two statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, two separate statements of profit or loss (if presented), two statements of cash flows and two statements of changes in equity, and related notes.

Paragraph 38C

Referred to in paragraph 69 of the Practice Statement

An entity may present comparative information in addition to the minimum comparative financial statements required by  Australian Accounting Standards, as long as that information is prepared in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards. This comparative information may consist of one or more statements referred to in paragraph 10, but need not comprise a complete set of financial statements. When this is the case, the entity shall present related note information for those additional statements.

Paragraph BC30F of the Basis for Conclusions on IAS 1

Referred to in paragraphs 28 and 69 of the Practice Statement

Paragraph 30A was added to IAS 1 to highlight that when an entity decides how it aggregates information in the financial statements, it should take into consideration all relevant facts and circumstances. Paragraph 30A emphasises that an entity should not reduce the understandability of its financial statements by providing immaterial information that obscures the material information in financial statements or by aggregating material items that have different natures or functions. Obscuring material information with immaterial information in financial statements makes the material information less visible and therefore makes the financial statements less understandable. The amendments do not actually prohibit entities from disclosing immaterial information, because the Board thinks that such a requirement would not be operational; however, the amendments emphasise that disclosure should not result in material information being obscured.

Paragraph 5

Referred to in paragraphs 72 and 78 of the Practice Statement

Prior period errors are omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity’s financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that:

(a) was available when financial statements for those periods were authorised for issue; and

(b) could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation and presentation of those financial statements.

Such errors include the effects of mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud.

Paragraph 8

Referred to in paragraph 8 of the Practice Statement

Australian Accounting Standards set out accounting policies that the AASB has concluded result in financial statements containing relevant and reliable information about the transactions, other events and conditions to which they apply. Those policies need not be applied when the effect of applying them is immaterial. However, it is inappropriate to make, or leave uncorrected, immaterial departures from Australian Accounting Standards to achieve a particular presentation of an entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows.

Paragraph 41

Referred to in paragraph 73 of the Practice Statement

Errors can arise in respect of the recognition, measurement, presentation or disclosure of elements of financial statements. Financial statements do not comply with Australian Accounting Standards if they contain either material errors or immaterial errors made intentionally to achieve a particular presentation of an entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows. Potential current period errors discovered in that period are corrected before the financial statements are authorised for issue. However, material errors are sometimes not discovered until a subsequent period, and these prior period errors are corrected in the comparative information presented in the financial statements for that subsequent period (see paragraphs 42–47).

Paragraph 6

Referred to in paragraph 87 of the Practice Statement

In the interest of timeliness and cost considerations and to avoid repetition of information previously reported, an entity may be required to or may elect to provide less information at interim dates as compared with its annual financial statements. This Standard defines the minimum content of an interim financial report as including condensed financial statements and selected explanatory notes. The interim financial report is intended to provide an update on the latest complete set of annual financial statements. Accordingly, it focuses on new activities, events, and circumstances and does not duplicate information previously reported.

Paragraph 15

Referred to in paragraph 87 of the Practice Statement

An entity shall include in its interim financial report an explanation of events and transactions that are significant to an understanding of the changes in financial position and performance of the entity since the end of the last annual reporting period. Information disclosed in relation to those events and transactions shall update the relevant information presented in the most recent annual financial report.

Paragraph 15A

Referred to in paragraph 87 of the Practice Statement

A user of an entity’s interim financial report will have access to the most recent annual financial report of that entity. Therefore, it is unnecessary for the notes to an interim financial report to provide relatively insignificant updates to the information that was reported in the notes in the most recent annual financial report.

Paragraph 20

Referred to in paragraph 85 of the Practice Statement

Interim reports shall include interim financial statements (condensed or complete) for periods as follows:

(a) statement of financial position as of the end of the current interim period and a comparative statement of financial position as of the end of the immediately preceding financial year.

(b) statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the current interim period and cumulatively for the current financial year to date, with comparative statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the comparable interim periods (current and year-to-date) of the immediately preceding financial year. As permitted by AASB 101, an interim report may present for each period a statement or statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.

(c) statement of changes in equity cumulatively for the current financial year to date, with a comparative statement for the comparable year-to-date period of the immediately preceding financial year.

(d) statement of cash flows cumulatively for the current financial year to date, with a comparative statement for the comparable year-to-date period of the immediately preceding financial year.

Paragraph 23

Referred to in paragraph 85 of the Practice Statement

In deciding how to recognise, measure, classify, or disclose an item for interim financial reporting purposes, materiality shall be assessed in relation to the interim period financial data. In making assessments of materiality, it shall be recognised that interim measurements may rely on estimates to a greater extent than measurements of annual financial data.

Paragraph 25

Referred to in paragraph 85 of the Practice Statement

While judgement is always required in assessing materiality, this Standard bases the recognition and disclosure decision on data for the interim period by itself for reasons of understandability of the interim figures. Thus, for example, unusual items, changes in accounting policies or estimates, and errors are recognised and disclosed on the basis of materiality in relation to interim period data to avoid misleading inferences that might result from non-disclosure. The overriding goal is to ensure that an interim financial report includes all information that is relevant to understanding an entity’s financial position and performance during the interim period.

Paragraph 41

Referred to in paragraph 88 of the Practice Statement

The measurement procedures to be followed in an interim financial report shall be designed to ensure that the resulting information is reliable and that all material financial information that is relevant to an understanding of the financial position or performance of the entity is appropriately disclosed. While measurements in both annual and interim financial reports are often based on reasonable estimates, the preparation of interim financial reports generally will require a greater use of estimation methods than annual financial reports.

[AusCF47]

Paragraph OB2

Referred to in paragraphs 7 and 17 of the Practice Statement

The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity. Those decisions involve buying, selling or holding equity and debt instruments, and providing or settling loans and other forms of credit.

Paragraph AusOB2.1

Referred to in paragraphs Aus13.1 and Aus18.1 of the Practice Statement

Among the users of financial information about a not-for-profit reporting entity are existing and potential resource providers (such as investors, lenders and other creditors, donors and taxpayers), recipients of goods and services (such as beneficiaries, for example, members of the community) and parties performing a review or oversight function on behalf of other users (such as advisers and members of parliament). Such users may make resource allocation decisions in relation to not-for-profit entities that differ from those identified in paragraph OB2. For example, parliaments decide, on behalf of constituents, whether to fund particular programmes for delivery by an entity, taxpayers decide who should represent them in government, donors decide whether to donate resources to an entity, and recipients decide whether they can continue to rely on the provision of goods and services from the entity or whether to seek alternative suppliers. In relation to not-for-profit entities, where pertinent, all references in this Framework to ‘existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors’ (and related terms) should be read as a reference to this broader range of users.

Paragraph OB3

Referred to in paragraph 18 of the Practice Statement

Decisions by existing and potential investors about buying, selling or holding equity and debt instruments depend on the returns that they expect from an investment in those instruments, for example dividends, principal and interest payments or market price increases. Similarly, decisions by existing and potential lenders and other creditors about providing or settling loans and other forms of credit depend on the principal and interest payments or other returns that they expect. Investors’, lenders’ and other creditors’ expectations about returns depend on their assessment of the amount, timing and uncertainty of (the prospects for) future net cash inflows to the entity. Consequently, existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need information to help them assess the prospects for future net cash inflows to an entity.

Paragraph AusOB3.1

Referred to in paragraph Aus18.1 of the Practice Statement

In respect of not-for-profit entities, users (such as certain existing and potential resource providers) are generally not concerned with obtaining a financial return on an investment in the entity. Rather, they are concerned with the ability of the entity to achieve its objectives (whether financial or nonfinancial), which in turn may depend, at least in part, on the entity’s prospects for future net cash inflows. Users will, for example, be interested in the capability of the entity’s resources to provide goods and services in the future. Accordingly, in relation to not-for-profit entities, where pertinent, references in this Framework to ‘assessing prospects for future net cash inflows’ (and related terms) should be read in the context of the common information needs of users of general purpose financial reports of not-for-profit entities described in this paragraph.

Paragraph OB4

Referred to in paragraphs 19 and 38 of the Practice Statement

To assess an entity’s prospects for future net cash inflows, existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need information about the resources of the entity, claims against the entity, and how efficiently and effectively the entity’s management and governing board have discharged their responsibilities to use the entity’s resources. Examples of such responsibilities include protecting the entity’s resources from unfavourable effects of economic factors such as price and technological changes and ensuring that the entity complies with applicable laws, regulations and contractual provisions. Information about management’s discharge of its responsibilities is also useful for decisions by existing investors, lenders and other creditors who have the right to vote on or otherwise influence management’s actions.

Paragraph OB5

Referred to in paragraph 13 of the Practice Statement

Many existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors cannot require reporting entities to provide information directly to them and must rely on general purpose financial reports for much of the financial information they need. Consequently, they are the primary users to whom general purpose financial reports are directed.

Paragraph OB6

Referred to in paragraph 21 of the Practice Statement

However, general purpose financial reports do not and cannot provide all of the information that existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors need. Those users need to consider pertinent information from other sources, for example, general economic conditions and expectations, political events and political climate, and industry and company outlooks.

Paragraph OB8

Referred to in paragraph 36 of the Practice Statement

Individual primary users have different, and possibly conflicting, information needs and desires. The Board, in developing financial reporting standards, will seek to provide the information set that will meet the needs of the maximum number of primary users. However, focusing on common information needs does not prevent the reporting entity from including additional information that is most useful to a particular subset of primary users.

Paragraph OB9

Referred to in paragraph 13 of the Practice Statement

The management of a reporting entity is also interested in financial information about the entity. However, management need not rely on general purpose financial reports because it is able to obtain the financial information it needs internally.

Paragraph OB10

Referred to in paragraph 13 of the Practice Statement

Other parties, such as regulators and members of the public other than investors, lenders and other creditors, may also find general purpose financial reports useful. However, those reports are not primarily directed to these other groups.

Paragraph QC7

Referred to in paragraph 20 of the Practice Statement

Financial information is capable of making a difference in decisions if it has predictive value, confirmatory value or both.

Paragraph QC11

Referred to in paragraph 5 of the Practice Statement

Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial reports make on the basis of those reports, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity. In other words, materiality is an entity-specific aspect of relevance based on the nature or magnitude, or both, of the items to which the information relates in the context of an individual entity’s financial report. Consequently, the Board cannot specify a uniform quantitative threshold for materiality or predetermine what could be material in a particular situation.

Paragraph QC30

Referred to in paragraph 56 of the Practice Statement

Classifying, characterising and presenting information clearly and concisely makes it understandable.

Paragraph QC32

Referred to in paragraph 15 of the Practice Statement

Financial reports are prepared for users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and who review and analyse the information diligently. At times, even well-informed and diligent users may need to seek the aid of an adviser to understand information about complex economic phenomena.

Paragraph 7

Referred to in paragraphs 5, 41 and 60 of the Practice Statement 

Material Information is material if omitting, misstating or obscuring it could reasonably be expected to influence decisions that the primary users of general purpose financial statements make on the basis of those financial statements, which provide financial information about a specific reporting entity. 

Materiality depends on the nature or magnitude of information, or both. An entity assesses whether information, either individually or in combination with other information, is material in the context of its financial statements taken as a whole.

Paragraph 7

Referred to in paragraph 6 of the Practice Statement

Assessing whether information could reasonably be expected to influence decisions made by the primary users of a specific reporting entity’s general purpose financial statements requires an entity to consider the characteristics of those users while also considering the entity’s own circumstances. […] At times, even well-informed and diligent users may need to seek the aid of an adviser to understand information about complex economic phenomena.

Paragraph AusCF15

Referred to in paragraph 62 of the Practice Statement

Notwithstanding paragraph 15, in respect of AusCF entities, financial statements shall present fairly the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity. Fair presentation requires the faithful representation of the effects of transactions, other events and conditions in accordance with the definitions and recognition criteria for assets, liabilities, income and expenses set out in the Framework. The application of Australian Accounting Standards, with additional disclosure when necessary, is presumed to result in financial statements that achieve a fair presentation.

Paragraph 17

Referred to in paragraph 10 of the Practice Statement

In virtually all circumstances, an entity achieves a fair presentation by compliance with applicable Australian Accounting Standards. A fair presentation also requires an entity:

(a) to select and apply accounting policies in accordance with AASB 108 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors. AASB 108 sets out a hierarchy of authoritative guidance that management considers in the absence of an Australian Accounting Standard that specifically applies to an item.

(b) to present information, including accounting policies, in a manner that provides relevant, reliable, comparable and understandable information.

(c) to provide additional disclosures when compliance with the specific requirements in Australian Accounting Standards is insufficient to enable users to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s financial position and financial performance.

Paragraph 29

Referred to in paragraph 43 of the Practice Statement

An entity shall present separately each material class of similar items. An entity shall present separately items of a dissimilar nature or function unless they are immaterial.

Paragraph 30A

Referred to in paragraphs 28, 57 and 69 of the Practice Statement

When applying this and other Australian Accounting Standards an entity shall decide, taking into consideration all relevant facts and circumstances, how it aggregates information in the financial statements, which include the notes. An entity shall not reduce the understandability of its financial statements by obscuring material information with immaterial information or by aggregating material items that have different natures or functions.

Paragraph 31

Referred to in paragraph 10 of the Practice Statement

Some Australian Accounting Standards specify information that is required to be included in the financial statements, which include the notes. An entity need not provide a specific disclosure required by an Australian Accounting Standard if the information resulting from that disclosure is not material. This is the case even if the Australian Accounting Standard contains a list of specific requirements or describes them as minimum requirements. An entity shall also consider whether to provide additional disclosures when compliance with the specific requirements in Australian Accounting Standards is insufficient to enable users of financial statements to understand the impact of particular transactions, other events and conditions on the entity’s financial position and financial performance.

Paragraph 38

Referred to in paragraphs 67 and 70 of the Practice Statement

Except when Australian Accounting Standards permit or require otherwise, an entity shall present comparative information in respect of the preceding period for all amounts reported in the current period’s financial statements. An entity shall include comparative information for narrative and descriptive information if it is relevant to understanding the current period’s financial statements.

Paragraph 38A

Referred to in paragraph 67 of the Practice Statement

An entity shall present, as a minimum, two statements of financial position, two statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income, two separate statements of profit or loss (if presented), two statements of cash flows and two statements of changes in equity, and related notes.

Paragraph 38C

Referred to in paragraph 69 of the Practice Statement

An entity may present comparative information in addition to the minimum comparative financial statements required by Australian Accounting Standards, as long as that information is prepared in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards. This comparative information may consist of one or more statements referred to in paragraph 10, but need not comprise a complete set of financial statements. When this is the case, the entity shall present related note information for those additional statements.

Paragraph BC30F of the Basis for Conclusions on IAS 1

Referred to in paragraphs 28 and 69 of the Practice Statement

Paragraph 30A was added to IAS 1 to highlight that when an entity decides how it aggregates information in the financial statements, it should take into consideration all relevant facts and circumstances. Paragraph 30A emphasises that an entity should not reduce the understandability of its financial statements by providing immaterial information that obscures the material information in financial statements or by aggregating material items that have different natures or functions. Obscuring material information with immaterial information in financial statements makes the material information less visible and therefore makes the financial statements less understandable. The amendments do not actually prohibit entities from disclosing immaterial information, because the Board thinks that such a requirement would not be operational; however, the amendments emphasise that disclosure should not result in material information being obscured.

Paragraph 5

Referred to in paragraphs 72 and 78 of the Practice Statement 

Prior period errors are omissions from, and misstatements in, the entity’s financial statements for one or more prior periods arising from a failure to use, or misuse of, reliable information that:

(a) was available when financial statements for those periods were authorised for issue; and

(b) could reasonably be expected to have been obtained and taken into account in the preparation and presentation of those financial statements. 

Such errors include the effects of mathematical mistakes, mistakes in applying accounting policies, oversights or misinterpretations of facts, and fraud.

Paragraph 8

Referred to in paragraph 8 of the Practice Statement 

Australian Accounting Standards set out accounting policies that the AASB has concluded result in financial statements containing relevant and reliable information about the transactions, other events and conditions to which they apply. Those policies need not be applied when the effect of applying them is immaterial. However, it is inappropriate to make, or leave uncorrected, immaterial departures from Australian Accounting Standards to achieve a particular presentation of an entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows.

Paragraph 41

Referred to in paragraph 73 of the Practice Statement

Errors can arise in respect of the recognition, measurement, presentation or disclosure of elements of financial statements. Financial statements do not comply with Australian Accounting Standards if they contain either material errors or immaterial errors made intentionally to achieve a particular presentation of an entity’s financial position, financial performance or cash flows.  Potential current period errors discovered in that period are corrected before the financial statements are authorised for issue. However, material errors are sometimes not discovered until a subsequent period, and these prior period errors are corrected in the comparative information presented in the financial statements for that subsequent period (see paragraphs 42–47).
 

Paragraph 6

Referred to in paragraph 87 of the Practice Statement

In the interest of timeliness and cost considerations and to avoid repetition of information previously reported, an entity may be required to or may elect to provide less information at interim dates as compared with its annual financial statements. This Standard defines the minimum content of an interim financial report as including condensed financial statements and selected explanatory notes. The interim financial report is intended to provide an update on the latest complete set of annual financial statements. Accordingly, it focuses on new activities, events, and circumstances and does not duplicate information previously reported.

Paragraph 15

Referred to in paragraph 87 of the Practice Statement

An entity shall include in its interim financial report an explanation of events and transactions that are significant to an understanding of the changes in financial position and performance of the entity since the end of the last annual reporting period. Information disclosed in relation to those events and transactions shall update the relevant information presented in the most recent annual financial report.

Paragraph 15A

Referred to in paragraph 87 of the Practice Statement

A user of an entity’s interim financial report will have access to the most recent annual financial report of that entity. Therefore, it is unnecessary for the notes to an interim financial report to provide relatively insignificant updates to the information that was reported in the notes in the most recent annual financial report.

Paragraph 20

Referred to in paragraph 85 of the Practice Statement

Interim reports shall include interim financial statements (condensed or complete) for periods as follows:

(a) statement of financial position as of the end of the current interim period and a comparative statement of financial position as of the end of the immediately preceding financial year.

(b) statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the current interim period and cumulatively for the current financial year to date, with comparative statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the comparable interim periods (current and year-to-date) of the immediately preceding financial year. As permitted by AASB 101, an interim report may present for each period a statement or statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.

(c) statement of changes in equity cumulatively for the current financial year to date, with a comparative statement for the comparable year-to-date period of the immediately preceding financial year.

(d) statement of cash flows cumulatively for the current financial year to date, with a comparative statement for the comparable year-to-date period of the immediately preceding financial year.

Paragraph 23

Referred to in paragraph 85 of the Practice Statement

In deciding how to recognise, measure, classify, or disclose an item for interim financial reporting purposes, materiality shall be assessed in relation to the interim period financial data. In making assessments of materiality, it shall be recognised that interim measurements may rely on estimates to a greater extent than measurements of annual financial data.

Paragraph 25

Referred to in paragraph 85 of the Practice Statement

While judgement is always required in assessing materiality, this Standard bases the recognition and disclosure decision on data for the interim period by itself for reasons of understandability of the interim figures. Thus, for example, unusual items, changes in accounting policies or estimates, and errors are recognised and disclosed on the basis of materiality in relation to interim period data to avoid misleading inferences that might result from non-disclosure. The overriding goal is to ensure that an interim financial report includes all information that is relevant to understanding an entity’s financial position and performance during the interim period.

Paragraph 41

Referred to in paragraph 88 of the Practice Statement

The measurement procedures to be followed in an interim financial report shall be designed to ensure that the resulting information is reliable and that all material financial information that is relevant to an understanding of the financial position or performance of the entity is appropriately disclosed. While measurements in both annual and interim financial reports are often based on reasonable estimates, the preparation of interim financial reports generally will require a greater use of estimation methods than annual financial reports.